Rosenberg et al. (2007) have described coral reefs as ?the largest structures made by living creatures. Biogenic activities over millennia has lead reefs to evolve to become a complex, productive, yet fragile marine ecosystem with a biodiversity to rival that of a terrestrial rainforest (Rohwer et al. 2002, Allen and Steene, 2007). Microorganisms are critically [...]
Most amoebae are free-living, but some are endoparasites. They have adapted themselves to live actively in the intestine of many invertebrates and vertebrates. Besides weakening the host body by obtaining nourishment from it, these may cause diseases and. hence, called pathogenic parasites. One of such pathogenic amoebae is Entamoeba histolytica. It causes amoebic dysentery’ or [...]
The alimentary canal of Fasciola hepatica is incomplete. The digestive system begins with mouth surrounded by the oral sucker, pharynx, oesophagus and intestine but does not terminate in anus, that is why it is referred as incomplete. Mouth: Mouth opening is situated on the ventral side at the anterior end and is surrounded by an [...]
In 1908, English mathematician Godfrey H. Hardy and German physician Wilhelm Weinberg independently derived a mathematical model describing what happens to the frequency of alleles in a population over time. Their combined ideas became known as the Hardy-Weinberg theorem. It states that the mixing of alleles at meiosis and their subsequent recombination do not alter [...]
The characteristic features of the Sporozoite state of Plasmodium are: Sickle shaped (10-14µm in length and 1 µm in breadth) with both ends pointed. Covered by two membranes, the inner one is rigid while the outer one is wavy. Apical part constitutes the apical complex. Nucleus situated in the micropyle present in the broad central [...]
