Cells can derive useful energy from fermentation processes like glycolysis plus the reduction of pyruvate to lactic acid. Most cells, however, oxidize their organic food stuffs completely to CO, and H,0. By doing so, they extract much more of the available energy from each-food molecule. The oxidation of organic molecules in eukaryotic cells is completed [...]
Cancer is a disease at the cellular level, involving heritable disorders in cellular control mechanisms. For the last five decades, biomedical research has directed most of its resources in finding out its causes and cure, yet the disease has been claiming human lives more than ever before. The disease is manifestation of etiological and pathogenic [...]
Introduction Mitochondria are distinct cytoplasmic organelles of the cell which participate in various functions of the cell metabolism. For their existence, cells require energy to perform various functions. The importance of mitochondria lies precisely in the fact that they supply practically all of the necessary biological energy, and they do so primarily by oxidizing the [...]
Cell Signaling All cells receive and respond to signals from their environment. Bacteria swim towards high concentration of nutrients. Many unicellular eukaryotes also respond to signaling molecules secreted by other cells, allowing cell-cell communication. Mating between yeast cells, for example, is signaled by peptides that are secreted by one cell and bind to receptors on [...]
Membrane Transport Processes Diffusion: the migration of molecules or ions as a result of their own random movements, from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Osmosis: – is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane movement of water (at constant temp. and pressure) is from the solution with lower [...]
